Essay on “Participation of Forensic Psychologists in Disciplinary Boards”

Essay on â€Å"Participation of Forensic Psychologists in Disciplinary Boards† Introduction One of the elemental human rights allowed to every citizen is his or her privacy. Privacy reveals the civil liberties of an individual’s power on how much of his feelings, thoughts, and other private or delicate information can be revealed to others (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). Codes of ethics are created to guard the public and offer direction to professionals in servicing their customers. The basic purpose of professional psychological organizations is to educate professionals on appropriate ethical conduct (Winchester, 2010)). Thereby, practitioners who appreciate the values may experience extended consciousness, value-clarification, and trouble-solving capabilities. These ethical standards also promote accountability, thereby, therapists ought to uphold ethical conduct and encourage their colleagues as well. The privileges accorded to the psychologist-client relationship constitute the conviction that discussions between the client and counseling officer have to be shielded in an adversarial justice system, in case justice is to be provided (O’Donohue, Levensky Levensky, 2004). In situations where psychologists have been granted privileged discussions in court, they were obligated to preserve the client’s confidence, except where the client had made a mental status or did not insist on the right to privilege. Privacy and its limits are clearly defined in ethical codes for psychologists both in court rulings and statuses. Hence, revelation of a client’s private information or communication may subject the therapist to professional reprimand and civil or criminal liability (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). In correctional facilities, correctional psychologist’s main objective is to aid in the lawbreaker’s rehabilitation and reintegration (Winchester, 2010). The counselor also enhances inmate and staff safety by encouraging a healthy institutional environment. Despite becoming a popular discipline for psychology, correction of offenders has been puzzled with ethical dilemmas and conflicts. The key roles of correctional psychologist such as treatment issues, confidentiality, consent, and disciplinary roles have been marred by consistent ethical issues (Elissa, 1998)). This paper will broadly outline the ethical and legal features of confidentiality for psychologists in correctional facilities. Discussion Psychotherapists have ethical and legal responsibilities toward their clients, agency, profession, community and families of their clients (Winchester, 2010). Therefore, clients have rights to ensure they are accorded sufficient information so that they make informed decisions about entering and continuing the therapist-client relationship (Winchester, 2010). Ethical issues may arise given the disputes within these responsibilities. The main goal of psychologists in correctional facilities is to provide rehabilitation for law breakers and focus in application of psychological services to inmates, inmate management, and evaluation of the prison population (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). Traditionally, certain criminals were considered for exclusion for some criminal punishment as other offenders due to various mental circumstances. At first, this practice was meant to separate the psychologically ill prisoners from normal prisoners. The Federal government initiated the use of psychiatrists and psychologists with prison institutions to focus on the treatment of inmates for behavioral change (Winchester, 2010). In the late 20th century, the focus for this approach lessened as correctional therapists put more emphasis on the security of the community and institution. The potential dual association of correctional psychologists is one of the key concerns linked with combined institutional control and treatment (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). The ethical principles of psychologists in the American Psychological Association code of conduct advice that forensic psychologists ought to avoid contribution in any action that has potentially conflicting roles (Winchester, 2010). The directives for correctional therapists within the bureau of prisons seem to create an environment that can sometimes gravelly weaken the therapeutic objectives and relationship formed between the psychologists and the inmates due to exposure to difficulties of the dual role con flicts. After the psychologists are hired, they are placed in rehabilitation programs where they learn essential correctional perceptions, such as firearms training, inmate review, and inmate search procedures. The psychologists should also assume the role as an evaluator and therapist for parole and release of the incarcerated client (Winchester, 2010). The significance of this relationship is the successful change of indecent behaviors so that reintegration is achieved in society. Despite possessing the combined role of a client’s evaluator and therapist, the psychologist’s perception by the client should not affect his readiness to provide adequate treatment. This is because the client might be tempted to provide the details needed for an effective intervention. Moreover, it is probable that the imprisoned client would wish to misrepresent herself or himself for the reason of being evaluated beneficially. To avoid such situations, defensive mechanisms have been rais ed to prevent them from releasing vital information needed for an accurate evaluation and effective treatment. The source of informed consent’s doctrine can be drawn to the individual rights to be liberated from intimidation and unwarranted interference. This is according to the principle which requires that every inmate of sound mind be given the power to determine what to done with his body. Mental health professionals are obligated by their ethics codes to enlighten clients of benefits, risks, and options to the proposed treatment (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). Informed consent includes the inmate’s right to be educated of their therapy and make unbiased decisions regarding the treatment process (Elissa, 1998). The possible consent concerns that are relevant and prone to correctional psychologists practice that may therefore, demand their absence in disciplinary committees is the possibility of leading an inmate into consenting while in questioning boards. This is because, in some forensic institutions, an inmate may not be deemed fit to give consent. This situation may lead to a forced consent into treatment. It is a fair supposition that an incarcerated client may dread the way his or her failure to consent to treatment will be inferred. This is the reason that many clients in correctional facilities are in the course of appealing their certainty or anticipating for conditional release. They may feel that failure to cooperate with procedures of treatment may lead them to further punishment and blow off the opportunities for release. In their obligation to assess dangerousness, many therapists will feel that they possess the capacity to make convincing assessments through education, proper training and experience. Naturally, clients long for an accurate evaluation but he may feel that this candid evaluation will not help them, but rather spoil their chances of release (Elissa, 1998). With this reasoning, they may be enticed to lie to the evaluator thereby calling for a secret evaluation in the absence of the psychologists. However, these secr et evaluations are only ethically embarked on during urgent situations which are restricted to circumstances with risks of prison escape or internal disorder. Therefore, the call by professional psychologists, which keenly dictate for the need of informed consents among prisoners seems unrealistic thus, should be conducted in their absence. Psychologist’s prohibition in disciplinary committees is encouraged since prison disciplinary boards are solely accountable for instilling actions that result to inmate’s loss of freedom, transfers to advanced security facilities, and solitary confinement. Psychiatrists have barred themselves from disciplinary committees through their statement of principles not to do any harm. Since they have the court status of persons qualified as experts, the psychiatrists have the obligation to uphold the knowledge of professional, scientific, and legal developments within the extent of their claimed competence. Therefore, these expectations direct them to apply that knowledge within accepted scientific and clinical standards, in selecting procedures and methods of collecting information for treatment, evaluation, consultation or investigation. The exclusion in disciplinary boards therefore gives them the opportunity to document and prepare themselves to make available all the info rmation that form the foundation for their services or evidence, subject to a court order or regulations of evidence. The set to be practiced in such documentation or recording expects that the quality and detail of such certification will be subject to sensible judicial scrutiny; such a standard is the normative set for general disciplinary practice (O’Donohue, Levensky Levensky, 2004). In a situation where forensic psychologists carry out an examination or involve themselves in treatment of a client to a legal schedule, with foreknowledge that their skilled services will be applied in adjudicative forums, they acquire distinctive responsibility to present the best documentation under the circumstances that; (a) Their obligations and duties with respect to certification of data forming the basis for their proof apply from the instant they know or possess reasonable basis for appreciating that their evidence and data resulting from it are likely to engage into legal-related decisions (Adler, 2004); (b) When providing forensic services, they take on a particular concern to shun undue influence upon their procedures, methods, and products that might come from the legal proceeding by monetary compensation or other gains (Adler, 2004). Therefore by being absent, as an expert of evaluation, the psychologist preserves his professional integrity by probing the issue at hand from the available perspectives, keenly searching for information which will differentially check plausible rival assumptions (O’Donohue, Levensky Levensky, 2004)); (c) They do not provide qualified forensic services to defendants of legal proceedings prior to individual’s representation by a counsel, except for people judicially resolute to handle their representation. Despite most of the forms of data they use are considered hearsay, psychologists attempt to substantiate vital data, which form the foundation for their professional product (Elissa, 1998). In situations where they apply rumored data, therapists have a positive responsibility to appreciate the unconfirmed status of that information and the motives for relying on such data. Conclusion We have observed that application of art of psychology in correctional facilities has been marred by ethical conflicts and dilemmas. Having noted the controversies surrounding the role of forensic psychologists, treatment issues, disciplinary and confidentiality tasks, guidelines have been formulated for the practice with the aim of providing a method of monitoring professional behavior in a rehabilitation facility. However, these standards have dealt accordingly with the ethical issues raised, but rather they have resulted to other contradictory principles. The main reason for the exclusion of forensic psychologists in disciplinary boards is for the rationale that correctional facilities fall under correctional administration and not mental programs (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). Even if mental health professionals come across mental issues among inmates, it is up to the correctional administration to give them the authority to engage in such a matter. Some of the rules an d regulations of psychology practice contradict the art therefore, making it difficult to establish what is acceptable or unacceptable of the practice. Challenges observed in the field can be eliminated by incorporating and considering the conflicting guidelines (Adler, 2004). We have observed that application of art of psychology in correctional facilities has been marred by ethical conflicts and dilemmas. Having noted the controversies surrounding the role of forensic psychologists, treatment issues, disciplinary and confidentiality tasks, guidelines have been formulated for the practice with the aim of providing a method of monitoring professional behavior in a rehabilitation facility. However, these standards have dealt accordingly with the ethical issues raised, but rather they have resulted to other contradictory principles. The main reason for the exclusion of forensic psychologists in disciplinary boards is for the rationale that correctional facilities fall under correctional administration and not mental programs (Munthe, Radovic Anckarsà ¤ter, 2010). Even if mental health professionals come across mental issues among inmates, it is up to the correctional administration to give them the authority to engage in such a matter. Some of the rules and regulations of psychology practice contradict the art therefore, making it difficult to establish what is acceptable or unacceptable of the practice. Challenges observed in the field can be eliminated by incorporating and considering the conflicting guidelines (Adler, 2004). Reference Adler, J. R. (2004). Forensic psychology: Concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton, UK: Willan Publishing. Elissa B. P. (Nov 1998). Research ethics: A psychological approach. The American Journal of Psychiatry 155. 11: 1624-1625 Munthe, C., Radovic, S. Anckarsà ¤ter, H. (2010). Ethical issues in forensic psychiatry research on mentally disordered offenders. Bioethics, 24.1, 35-44. O’Donohue, W. T., Levensky, E., Levensky, E. R. (2004). Handbook of forensic psychology: resource for mental health and legal professionals. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. Winchester D. J. (June 2010). APA ethics code commentary and case illustrations. Choice 47. 10: 2018

The Effects Of Mass Media On Society - 1335 Words

Mass media has inched its way into almost every facet of our daily lives. No one feels this intrusion more so than women. The market is geared towards them as the biggest consumer in our society. As a woman I am aware of this fact, but not only am I a woman, I am a woman who works in the advertising business. I have a unique perspective on both sides of the spectrum. How does all this focus effect us? How does this attention effect the way we perceive ourselves? Is it harmful? Can it be helpful? These are the question I am going to answer the best I can today. The written word goes back over three thousand years ago and advertising on a basic level followed, but it wasn’t until 1877 when Thomas Edison invented the phonograph did it come into our homes. This â€Å"marked the beginning of the first new mass medium since print.† (Hoynes, 2014) From phonograph records to LP’s and later on the cinematography mass media was growing and reaching new heights. With the he lp of these inventions the radio became an important and useful tool in advertising and communication. Information could be delivered in minutes and instead of having to sell newspapers and magazines one could tune into their favorite radio program and get all the information about the happenings of the world right in their own living room. â€Å"On November 2, 1920, station KDKA made the nation s first commercial broadcast (a term coined by Conrad himself). They chose that date because it was election day, and theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society861 Words   |  4 PagesWhere do we get our information in society? How do we know what is true information from false information? Mass media, including T.V, Radio stations, newspaper has taken over the minds of people in society. 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Explain why Germany and her allies were defeated in WWI and assess their treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement Free Essays

There were many factors that played a part in Germany’s defeat in World War One, and none of them can be singularly attributed to its loss. Despite this, some factors did play a more important part than others. Some of the major factors were America’s entry into the war, low morale in Germany, and Germany’s Ludendorrf Offensive. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain why Germany and her allies were defeated in WWI and assess their treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American entry into the war was a major factor contributing to Germany’s defeat. When the Americans declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, they provided a huge injection of funds, soldiers and productive capacity to the Allies’ war effort. The millions of American soldiers that were sent overseas in 1917 and 1918 were fit, young, and most importantly, fresh with relatively high morale compared to the other Allied soldiers. World War One was a war of attrition. The side that could wear down the enemy side first would be victorious. The contribution of the American soldiers, funds and resources to the Allied side allowed them to survive for longer than the Central Powers. Therefore, the entry of America into World War One was a major factor causing Germany’s defeat. The Ludendorrf Offensive, which was launched on March 21, 1918, was a series of three offensives undertaken by the Germans to try to force an Allied surrender after the Russian withdrew from the war. With the Eastern front free, the Germans concentrated all their resources on the Western front to try to break the stalemate there. At first the Ludendorrf Offensive was successful, but the German troops advanced so fast that their supply lines could not keep up. This allowed the Allied forces to surround and defeat the stranded German troops. The Ludendorrf Offensive was a gamble by Germany. It required an input of high levels of resources, and as it was not successful, these resources were ultimately wasted. As World War One was a war of attrition, the Ludendorrf Offensive accelerated, if not caused, Germany’s defeat. By 1917 and 1918, morale amongst the German people was very low. They had begun to lose faith in the war. An outbreak of Spanish Influenza in Europe had hit Germany, and had created unrest amongst the population. Shortages of consumer essentials spread widely throughout Germany. The Germany public began to resent the war, calling for â€Å"peace at any cost†. The production of munitions fell, and the weapons supply to the German soldiers fell to levels much lower than the Allies’. The low morale amongst the civilians and soldiers worsened the German position. Therefore, low morale amongst the troops and civilians on the German side was a major factor leading to Germany’s defeat in World War One. There is no obvious single factor for Germany’s defeat in World War One, but among the main reasons were the American’s entry into the war, the Ludendorrf Offensive, and the low morale among soldiers and civilians at the home front. The Treaty of Versailles was the culmination of the 1918/1919 peace settlement process that was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1919. The treaty imposed a number of harsh conditions on Germany. As a result of the treaty, Germany had to reduce its army to 100 000 men, and give up its air force altogether. Germany had to give away thirteen percent of its land, and hand over control of its overseas colonies. Germany was forced to pay over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6, 600, 000, 000 in war repatriations. Also, and significantly, the Treaty of Versailles demanded Germany accept full responsibility for starting the First World War. To assess Germany’s treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement, it is useful to examine the motives behind the key negotiators, Germany’s aims, and Germany’s guilt The British public were very angry and were out for revenge. â€Å"Hang the Kaiser† and â€Å"Make Germany Pay† were both very common calls in the time just after the war and the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George could not afford politically to be easy on Germany. This shows that Britain’s intentions when contributing to the Treaty of Versailles would have been to harshly punish Germany The then president of France, Georges Clemenceau, was determined to see that Germany was punished so harshly that it would never be able to start a war again, as he believed they had done. As was the case with the British, there was also widespread public anger towards Germany. The American President, Woodrow Wilson, was the third major participant in the treaty negotiations. He too wanted to punish Germany, but also had an interest in a stable Europe, which would depend on a stable Germany. Given the attitudes of the Allies who met in Paris for the peace negotiations, Germany’s treatment in the Treaty of Versailles would definitely have been harsh, as all three entered the negotiations with a view to punishing Germany. When judged by its previous actions, it can be argues that Germany was not justified to expect a settlement any more favourable than what they received. They had already proven that in victory they could be as harsh as the Allies with the treaty they presented Russia upon their withdrawal from the war, the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. In this treaty, the Germans demanded that Russia hand over large areas of its territory and pay substantial repatriations. Given the harsh treatment the Germans imposed on Russia after its defeat, the treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles can be justified. There is an argument that if Germany had won, they would have imposed penalties as harsh or harsher on the Allies. This supports the argument that the Treaty of Versailles was not too harsh on Germany. But perhaps the best way to determine whether or not the Treaty of Versailles was really harsh on Germany is to see the effect on Germany of the treaty, and the length of time it took for Germany to recover. How to cite Explain why Germany and her allies were defeated in WWI and assess their treatment in the 1918/1919 settlement, Papers

Another Huckleberry Finn Essay Example For Students

Another Huckleberry Finn Essay Superstition inHuck Finn In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnby Mark Twain, there is a lot of superstition. Someexamples of superstition in the novel are Huck killing aspider which is bad luck, the hair-ball used to tell fortunes,and the rattle-snake skin Huck touches that brings Huck andJim good and bad luck. Superstition plays an important rolein the novel Huck Finn. In Chapter one Huck sees a spidercrawling up his shoulder, so he flipped it off and it went intothe flame of the candle. Before he could get it out, it wasalready shriveled up. Huck didnt need anyone to tell himthat it was an bad sign and would give him bad luck. Huckgot scared and shook his clothes off, and turned in his tracksthree times. He then tied a lock of his hair with a thread tokeep the witches away. You do that when youve lost ahorseshoe that youve found, instead of nailing it up over thedoor, but I hadnt ever heard anybody say it was any way tokeep of bad luck when youd killed a spider.(Twain 5). Inchapter four Huck sees Paps footprints in the snow. SoHuck goes to Jim to ask him why Pap is here. Jim gets ahair-ball that is the size of a fist that he took from an oxsstomach. Jim asks the hair-ball; Why is Pap here? But thehair-ball wont answer. Jim says it needs money, so Huckgives Jim a counterfeit quarter. Jim puts the quarter underthe hair-ball. The hair-ball talks to Jim and Jim tells Huckthat it says. Yoole father doan know yit what hes a-gwyneto do. Sometimes he spec hell go way, en den agin he spechell stay. De bes way is tores easy en let de ole man takehis own way. Deys two angles hoverin roun bout him. Oneuvem is white en shiny, en tother one is black. De white onegits him to go right a little while, den de black one sil in engust it all up. A body cant tell yit which one gwyne to fetchhim at de las. But you is all right. You gwyne to haveconsidable trouble in yo life, en considable joy. Sometimesyou gwyne to git hurt, en sometimes you gwyne to git sick;but every t ime yous gwyne to git well agin. Deys two galsflyin bout yo in yo life. One uv ems light en tother one isdark. One is rich en tother is po. Yous gwyne to marry depo one fust en de rich one by en by. You wants to keepway fum de water as much as you kin, en dont run no resk,kase its down in de bills dat yous gwyne to git hung.(Twain 19). Huck goes home and goes up to his room thatnight and Pap is there. In Chapter ten, Huck and Jim run intogood luck and bad luck. The good luck was Huck and Jimfinds eight dollars in the pocket of an overcoat. After dinneron Friday, they are lying in the grass, then Huck ran out oftobacco, so he went to the craven to get some, and finds arattlesnake. Huck kills it and curled it up and put it on thefoot of Jims blanket. Night came and Jim flung himself onthe blanket and the snakes mate was there, and it bit Jim onthe heel. Jim tells Huck to chop off the snakes head, thenskin the body of the snake and roast a peice of it. He tookthe rattles off and tied t hem to Jim wrist. Jim said it wouldhelp him. Huck says I made up my mind I wouldnt evertake a-holt of a snake-skin again with my hands, now that Isee what had come of it. (Twain 52). As one can seeSuperstition plays an important role in the novel Huck Finn. .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .postImageUrl , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:hover , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:visited , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:active { border:0!important; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:active , .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62 .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c485215402a1823dc3ebe0eb15fcd62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aristotle Essay Huck killing the spider which is bad luck, the hair-ball thattells fortunes, and the rattle-snake skin that Huck touchedare examples that brought bad luck to Huck and Jim in thenovel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 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